For Ios 12 | Youtube Ipa

Yes, you can still use YouTube on iOS 12 via IPA sideloading.
No, it’s not a long-term solution.

For casual watching on an old iPad or iPod touch, the YouTube 17.39.4 IPA + weekly refreshes is your best bet. For everyone else, the Safari web app is simpler and safer.

Have you found a better YouTube IPA for iOS 12? Let me know in the comments — just remember no direct links to copyrighted IPAs per our site policy.

Here’s a useful, real-world story about someone navigating the YouTube IPA on iOS 12 situation—focusing on practicality, safety, and limitations.

Title: The Old iPhone’s Last Song

Context:
Emma had an iPhone 6 on iOS 12.5.7—perfectly good hardware, but the official YouTube app hadn’t updated in months. First, videos stopped playing in 1080p, then comments disappeared, and finally, the app just crashed on launch. She couldn’t afford a new phone, but she missed watching DIY repair videos.

The Search for a YouTube IPA for iOS 12
She searched “YouTube IPA iOS 12” and found Reddit threads, archive sites, and GitHub repos. An IPA (iOS App Store Package) is the installer file type for iPhones. Since iOS 12 is ancient, her plan was to sideload an older YouTube version that still worked.

Step 1 – Finding a compatible version
After trial, she learned:

She downloaded YouTube_v17.39.4.ipa from a trusted Internet Archive link (verified SHA1 hash).

Step 2 – Sideloading tools
On macOS, she used Sideloadly (free, no jailbreak). On Windows, AltStore worked but needed a server connection every 7 days. She chose Sideloadly—direct USB install, no revocations.

Step 3 – The 7-day hurdle
Free Apple Developer accounts sign sideloaded apps for 7 days only. After that, YouTube stops opening. Her workaround: On day 6, she re-sideloaded the same IPA. Yes, it was annoying, but it kept YouTube working.

Step 4 – What actually worked

The Useful Conclusion
Emma still uses that iPhone as a workshop YouTube player. Her advice to others:

✅ Do this:

❌ Never do this:

Why this story is useful: It shows that with iOS 12, you can keep YouTube running—but it requires maintenance, version hunting, and security awareness. It’s a temporary bridge, not a permanent fix. Emma eventually saved for a used iPhone SE 2020, but for six months, that little IPA kept her old phone singing one last song.

If you’d like a simplified checklist or a direct link to a trusted YouTube IPA v17.39.4 (for iOS 12), let me know.

After testing several versions, the most stable and functional YouTube IPA for iOS 12 is:

YouTube 17.39.4 (last version supporting iOS 12)

This version still allows:

It does not support:

If your iOS 12 device is jailbroken (e.g., using Chimera or Unc0ver), you can install IPAs permanently without resigning every 7 days.

Published by: Tech Legacy Team
Reading Time: 6 minutes

In the fast-paced world of mobile technology, 2018 (the release year of iOS 12) feels like a decade ago. While Apple and Google have moved on to iOS 17 and beyond, millions of users still rely on devices permanently locked to iOS 12—the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, and the 6th-generation iPod Touch.

These devices are not obsolete. They are functional, well-built, and capable of running most core apps. The problem? The official YouTube app from the App Store now requires iOS 14 or later. If you try to download YouTube on iOS 12 today, you are greeted with a frustrating message: “This app requires iOS 14.0 or later.”

Thankfully, there is a solution: YouTube IPA for iOS 12. This guide will explain everything you need to know—what it is, where to find it, how to install it (without jailbreaking, usually), and which version works best for vintage devices.

Installing a YouTube IPA for iOS 12 has become a quest for users of "legacy" devices like the iPhone 6 and iPad Air, as the official app now requires iOS 16 or later to function. For those stuck on iOS 12.5.x, the "Update Required" prompt often blocks access entirely, leading many to seek third-party solutions. The Evolution of the iOS 12 YouTube Fix

The story of YouTube on iOS 12 is one of persistent community workarounds. While the official App Store may offer a "last compatible version," these older builds often fail to connect to modern servers. YouTube for iOS 12.5.7 Download - Apple Communities

As of early 2026, the official YouTube app on the App Store typically requires iOS 16.0 or later. For legacy devices like the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, and older iPads stuck on iOS 12.5.7 or 12.5.8, the official app often fails to load or presents an "Update Required" loop that cannot be bypassed normally.

Using a custom YouTube IPA (iOS App Package) is a common way to restore functionality on these older devices. Best YouTube IPA Options for iOS 12

While many modern modified apps like uYouPlus require iOS 14 or higher, there are specific versions and alternatives for iOS 12:

For users of legacy hardware like the iPhone 6 or iPad Air, finding a YouTube IPA for iOS 12

is less about "hacking" and more about digital survival. As of 2025, Google has largely dropped support for older versions of the app, leaving devices on iOS 12.5.7 or earlier with limited options for video playback. The "Why": Why People Hunt for YouTube IPAs

The primary driver for seeking an IPA (the iOS equivalent of an APK) is version expiration

. Official App Store versions often present a "Update Required" popup that cannot be dismissed, even if the hardware is technically capable of playing the video. Using an IPA allows users to: Bypass "Kill Switches"

: Install older versions that don't enforce updates or use modified files to "spoof" a newer version number. Unlock Premium Features : Many popular IPAs like YTLitePlus

include built-in ad-blocking, background playback, and PiP (Picture-in-Picture) without a subscription. SponsorBlock Integration

: Automatically skip "word from our sponsor" segments, a feature not available in the official app. Top YouTube IPA Options for Legacy Devices

While many modern IPAs require iOS 14 or 15, the legacy community maintains specific builds for iOS 12:

Searching for a YouTube IPA for iOS 12 usually means you're trying to keep the app running on an older device like an iPhone 5s or 6. Since YouTube officially ended support for these versions, the standard App Store version often doesn't work or won't download. The Most Reliable Method: "Last Compatible Version"

Before hunting for sketchy IPA files, try the official method. If you've ever downloaded YouTube on your Apple ID before, you can still get a working version. Open the App Store on your iOS 12 device.

Tap on your Profile icon at the top right and go to Purchased. Search for YouTube. Tap the Cloud download icon.

A pop-up will appear saying, "The current version requires iOS 14.0 or later, but you can download the last compatible version." Tap Download. The IPA Method (Advanced Users)

If the App Store method fails, you can sideload an IPA file. Note that most YouTube IPAs for iOS 12 require a "fix" because the app will often show a "Update Required" loop.

Where to find it: Communities like r/LegacyJailbreak often host verified IPAs or point to archives like the Internet Archive where legacy versions are stored.

How to install: Use tools like Sideloadly or AltStore (if supported) on your computer to sign the IPA and install it via USB.

Fixing the "Update" Error: Once installed, the app might block you from watching. You may need to edit the Info.plist file inside the IPA (using a tool like Filza if jailbroken) to change the CFBundleShortVersionString to a more recent version number (e.g., 19.xx.x). The "No-App" Alternatives youtube ipa for ios 12

If you don't want the hassle of sideloading, these options are much faster:

Safari / Chrome: Go to m.youtube.com. You can add it to your Home Screen (Share button > Add to Home Screen) to make it feel like an app.

Invidious: Use an Invidious instance, which is a lightweight YouTube front-end that works perfectly on older browsers without ads.

Piped: Similar to Invidious, Piped is another privacy-focused alternative that is very light on system resources.

A quick tip: If you are jailbroken, look for the "DisableYouTubeUpdates" or "YouTubePatcher" tweaks on Cydia/Sileo. They are designed specifically to bypass the "update required" screen on iOS 12. Reddit users have noted that these tweaks are often the only way to keep the official app functional.

Running YouTube on iOS 12 in 2026 requires workarounds because the official app no longer supports this version

. You can either download the last compatible version from your App Store purchase history or sideload a modified IPA file to bypass "Update Required" locks. Apple Support Community Method 1: App Store (No Computer Needed)

This is the safest method if you have previously "purchased" YouTube on your Apple ID. Apple Support Community Open App Store : Go to the section of your account. Search YouTube : Find YouTube and tap the Cloud icon Confirm Downgrade

: A pop-up will ask if you want to download the "last compatible version" (likely v17.x or older). Tap Bypass Update Prompt

: If the app opens but demands an update, you may need to jailbreak and use a tweak like to skip the lock. Apple Support Community Method 2: Sideloading YouTube IPAs

If you cannot use the App Store, you can sideload a modified IPA file. These often include fixes for login and playback issues common on older firmware. Recommended IPAs YouTube Legacy

: Specifically patched for iOS 12 users to fix crashing and login issues. YTLitePlus

: A modern choice that can sometimes be modified (by changing its Info.plist ) to run on older versions. Installation Tools Sideloadly or AltStore : Use a computer to sign the IPA file to your device. E-Sign / K-Sign

: On-device methods that use DNS profiles to install IPAs directly via Safari. Method 3: Info.plist Version Spoofing (Advanced)

If your YouTube app is installed but says "Update Required," you can trick it into thinking it’s a newer version. Jailbreak Requirement

: You typically need a jailbroken device with a file manager like Locate File : Navigate to /var/containers/Bundle/Application/YouTube/YouTube.app/ Edit Version Info.plist and find the keys CFBundleShortVersionString CFBundleVersion . Change their values to a recent version (e.g., Save and Restart

: Save the file and restart the app. This often removes the update lockout. Method 4: Safari Web Shortcut (Easiest)

If IPAs are too unstable, using the mobile website is the most reliable "no-install" fix.

Installing the official YouTube app on iOS 12 has become difficult because Google now requires iOS 16.0 or later for the latest versions. For devices like the iPhone 5s, 6, and 6 Plus that are capped at iOS 12, the official app may often fail to load or show "Update Required". 1. Sideloading YouTube IPAs (No Jailbreak)

If the standard app doesn't work, you can "sideload" modified YouTube IPA files. These often include fixes for older iOS versions or added features like ad-blocking. Top IPA Options:

YTLite / YTLitePlus: Currently considered among the most up-to-date options for older devices.

uYouPlus / uYouEnhanced: Popular for adding features like PiP (Picture-in-Picture) and ad-blocking, though some versions may require manual version spoofing (e.g., changing the app version to 20.05.4) to function. How to Install:

AltStore / SideStore: Use a computer to install AltStore, then download your chosen YouTube IPA from a trusted source (like GitHub) and "plus" it into AltStore to install.

Safari Sideloading (No PC): Some users use web-based signers like WFS Team or Apple JR. This involves installing a DNS configuration profile in Settings > General > VPN & Device Management to prevent the app from being "revoked" by Apple.

Plume Impactor: A newer tool that allows for more permanent installations without the 7-day refresh limit common with AltStore. 2. The "Purchased" App Store Method

If you have ever downloaded YouTube on your Apple ID before, you can try to force-install the last compatible version:

How to Install YouTube on Old iPhone 6/6 Plus/5s – iOS 12 & 13 Fix [2025]

Installing and running the YouTube app via an IPA file on iOS 12 is highly restrictive and generally unsupported by official channels.

Because Apple and Google have dropped support for iOS 12, the official application requires at least iOS 14 to download and iOS 16 to run its latest versions. This report outlines the current state of YouTube on iOS 12, covering installation barriers, sideloading workarounds, and native alternatives. 1. The Core Issue with YouTube on iOS 12 Server-Side Blocks:

Even if you successfully sideload or install an older version of the YouTube IPA, Google often enforces a server-side block on old API versions. This causes the app to throw an "Update Required" loop or prompt an internet error. App Store Incompatibility:

The standard App Store version of YouTube does not support hardware running legacy iOS 12.5.7 (like the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, and 1st Gen iPad Air). 2. Available Sideloading & IPA Workarounds

If you still intend to use an IPA file or modified application, community developers have established a few specific avenues to restore functionality:

Official support for the YouTube app on iOS 12 has technically ended, as modern versions now require iOS 16 or later. However, you can still achieve a functional experience by using specific IPA files (modified app packages) and sideloading tools. Best YouTube IPA Options for iOS 12

To get YouTube working on an older device like an iPhone 6 or iPad Air 1, users often turn to modified IPAs that bypass "update required" blocks and add premium-style features:

uYouPlus (uYou+): Widely considered a top choice, this IPA integrates the uYou tweak which provides ad-free viewing, background playback, and offline video downloads.

YTLitePlus: This version is built on YTLite and includes features like SponsorBlock to skip mid-video ads and Return YouTube Dislike functionality.

YouTube Legacy: Specifically designed for iOS 12 and 13, this tweak (often requiring a jailbreak) helps fix crashes and "something went wrong" errors that plague official older versions. How to Install and Fix YouTube on iOS 12

Getting YouTube to work on iOS 12 has become a challenge as Google now requires iOS 16.0 or later for the official app [21]. However, you can still access YouTube using several workarounds, ranging from official methods to community-maintained files (IPAs). How to Install YouTube on iOS 12

The "Purchased" Method (Official):If you have previously downloaded YouTube on your Apple ID, you can download a compatible legacy version. Open the App Store and tap your profile icon. Go to Purchased and search for YouTube [24].

Tap the cloud icon; a prompt will ask if you want to "Download an older version of this app." Tap Download [24].

Using IPA Files (Sideloading):For devices that never had the app, you can manually install an .ipa file using tools like Sideloadly or AltStore.

Internet Archive: You can find older versions like YouTube 12.11.6 IPA on the Internet Archive [2, 17].

Community Repos: Subreddits like r/sideloaded provide guides for "YT-Lite" or tweaked IPAs that are optimized for older hardware [8, 11].

Browser Workaround:If the app fails to load content (the "something went wrong" error), the most stable way to watch is through Safari or Chrome by visiting m.youtube.com [9, 24]. "Interesting Paper" for Older iPads

If you are using an older device for productivity, "paper" often refers to note-taking templates or digital stationery.

Custom Templates: While Apple Notes on iOS 12 has basic lines and grids, apps like OneNote allow you to change background colors and add ruled or grid lines to simulate different paper types [1, 22]. Yes , you can still use YouTube on

PDF Annotation: You can download "Digital Paper" PDFs (dot grid, Cornell notes, or planners) and import them into apps like Goodnotes or Notability (if you have the legacy versions) to transform your iPad into a high-end notebook [1, 25].

Because YouTube now requires iOS 16, users on iOS 12 must utilize alternative methods to run the application, such as installing older versions via the App Store, sideloading patched IPAs with tools like Sideloadly, or using the web app via Safari. Jailbroken devices can also bypass update restrictions by editing the app's Info.plist file, while non-jailbroken users can use archived IPA files from the Internet Archive. For a detailed guide on fixing YouTube for iOS 12, visit Reddit/r/LegacyJailbreak.

For devices limited to iOS 12, such as the iPad Air (1st gen), iPad mini 2, and mini 3, the official YouTube app from the App Store no longer supports these older versions

. To restore functionality, you can use sideloading or specific App Store workarounds to obtain and run a compatible YouTube IPA. Apple Support Community Option 1: Official App Store "Last Compatible Version"

If you have previously downloaded YouTube on your Apple ID, you can often download a legacy version directly from Apple. Apple Support Community The Method : Open the > tap your My Purchases . Search for YouTube and tap the cloud icon . If a compatible version exists, iOS will prompt: "Download an older version of this app?" Limitation

: If you have never "purchased" YouTube on that account, the App Store will not offer an older version. Apple Support Community Option 2: Sideloading Patched IPAs Sideloading allows you to install modified versions like YTLitePlus that often include fixes for legacy iOS versions. uYouPlus: uYou+ IPA v19.49.7-3.0.4 Download [Official] 2026

Running YouTube on iOS 12 is challenging because the official app now requires iOS 16.0 or later. To get it working, you'll generally need to use an "older compatible version" from the App Store, or resort to modified IPAs via sideloading. Option 1: Official Legacy Version (Safest)

If you have previously downloaded YouTube on your Apple ID, you can often download a compatible version directly from your purchase history: Open the App Store and tap your profile icon. Go to Purchased. Search for YouTube and tap the cloud icon.

A prompt will appear: "Download an older version of this app?"—select Download.

Tip: if you never "bought" YouTube, log into your Apple ID on a newer device, download it there first, then return to your iOS 12 device. Option 2: Working IPAs for Sideloading

For users looking for "enhanced" features (like ad-blocking) or if the official app version no longer connects to YouTube servers, you can sideload custom IPAs.

uYou / YouTube Elite: These are popular choices in the jailbreak community for older devices, often featuring built-in fixes for the "Update Required" nag screen.

Tools to Sideload: Use tools like AltStore or Sideloadly to install these IPA files from your computer. Note that free Apple developer accounts require refreshing these apps every 7 days. Option 3: Web Browser Workaround If IPAs fail or the app version is too buggy:

Safari/Chrome: Visit m.youtube.com in your mobile browser. It is surprisingly functional and bypasses app version requirements.

Brave Browser: Using Brave on iOS allows for an ad-free experience even on older systems.

Check out this guide on how to force the official App Store to give you a compatible YouTube version for iOS 12:

Downloading and installing YouTube IPA for iOS 12 is a great way to enhance your video watching experience. With ad-free videos, background playback, and customization options, YouTube IPA is a must-have for any iOS 12 user. By following the methods outlined in this article, you can easily install YouTube IPA on your device and start enjoying a seamless video watching experience. Have you found a better YouTube IPA for iOS 12

Frequently Asked Questions

Additional Tips and Tricks

By following this guide, you should be able to download and install YouTube IPA for iOS 12 with ease. Happy video watching!

Method 1: Using AltStore

Method 2: Using Cydia Impactor

Method 3: Using Unc0ver Jailbreak

Additional Steps

Note: Sideloading apps can pose security risks. Be cautious when using third-party app stores and sideloading tools.

For non-jailbroken devices, some methods may require an enterprise certificate or a computer with iTunes installed.

Always ensure you're downloading from a trusted source.

YouTube IPA for iOS 12: A Comprehensive Review

Introduction

YouTube is one of the most popular video-sharing platforms in the world, with millions of users accessing it every day. While the official YouTube app is available for iOS devices, some users may want to explore alternative ways to access YouTube on their iOS 12 devices. One such option is to use a YouTube IPA file, which can be installed on iOS devices using third-party tools. In this review, we'll explore the concept of YouTube IPA for iOS 12, its benefits, and the process of installing and using it.

What is an IPA file?

An IPA file is a package file used by iOS devices to install and distribute apps. It's similar to an APK file used on Android devices. IPA files contain the app's code, resources, and metadata, and can be installed on an iOS device using iTunes, Xcode, or third-party tools.

Benefits of using YouTube IPA for iOS 12

Using a YouTube IPA file for iOS 12 offers several benefits:

How to install YouTube IPA on iOS 12

To install a YouTube IPA file on iOS 12, you'll need to use a third-party tool, such as Cydia Impactor, AltStore, or vFly. Here's a general outline of the process:

Popular YouTube IPA files for iOS 12

Some popular YouTube IPA files for iOS 12 include:

Risks and considerations

While using a YouTube IPA file for iOS 12 can offer benefits, there are also risks and considerations to keep in mind:

Conclusion

Using a YouTube IPA file for iOS 12 can offer benefits like ad-blocking, background playback, and customization options. However, it's essential to be aware of the risks and considerations involved, such as security risks, compatibility issues, and jailbreaking. If you decide to use a YouTube IPA file, make sure to find a reputable source and follow the installation instructions carefully.

Recommendation

If you're looking for a safe and convenient way to access YouTube on your iOS 12 device, we recommend using the official YouTube app from the App Store. However, if you're interested in exploring alternative options, make sure to research reputable sources and follow the installation instructions carefully to minimize risks.

Rating

Based on our review, we give YouTube IPA for iOS 12 a rating of 3.5/5. While it offers benefits like ad-blocking and customization options, the risks and considerations involved, such as security risks and compatibility issues, prevent us from giving it a higher rating.

For users with legacy devices like the iPhone 5S, 6, or iPad Air (1st Gen), finding a functional YouTube IPA for iOS 12 is essential since the official App Store version now requires iOS 14 or later. Top Recommended YouTube IPAs for iOS 12

While the official app is restricted, several modified versions and community-maintained IPAs allow you to bypass these limitations.

YouTube++ (YouTube Plus Plus): This is one of the most stable choices for iOS 12. It provides features like background playback, ad-blocking, and video downloads directly to the Camera Roll.

uYouPlus (uYou+): A highly popular "Vanced-style" mod for iOS. While the newest versions target iOS 14+, older versions of uYouPlus or the original uYou tweak are frequently used on iOS 12 to enable 4K playback and PiP (Picture-in-Picture).

Official Legacy Version: If you previously "purchased" YouTube on your Apple ID, you can sometimes download the "last compatible version" directly from the App Store's Purchased tab. If you haven't, you can "buy" it for free on a newer device first, then download the older version on your iOS 12 device. How to Install YouTube IPAs on iOS 12

Installing an IPA file (sideloading) requires a computer and specific tools.

Title: The Legacy Loop: Understanding the Demand for YouTube IPA Files on iOS 12

In the ecosystem of Apple’s mobile operating systems, iOS 12 represents a significant turning point. Released in 2018, it was the last major version of iOS to support a fleet of legacy devices, including the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, and the original iPad Air. While these devices remain functional for basic tasks, their utility is constantly eroded by the relentless march of software updates. Nowhere is this more evident than with the YouTube app. For users tethered to these older devices, the search for a "YouTube IPA for iOS 12" has become a digital quest for sustainability, highlighting the tension between planned obsolescence and user preservation.

To understand the demand for an IPA file—a format used to install apps outside the official App Store—one must understand the predicament of the legacy iOS user. Modern app developers frequently drop support for older operating systems to take advantage of newer hardware capabilities and security frameworks. Consequently, the current version of YouTube available on the App Store requires iOS 13 or later. For a user with an iPhone 6 stuck on iOS 12, the official App Store simply offers a grayed-out "Update" button or no download option at all, rendering the device significantly less useful for media consumption.

This is where the IPA file enters the conversation. An IPA file is essentially a package containing the application binary. By sideloading an older version of the YouTube IPA onto an iOS 12 device, users attempt to bypass the App Store’s version restrictions. This process often involves third-party tools like Cydia Impactor, AltStore, or signing services that allow the device to run apps not verified by Apple. The goal is to resurrect the app experience, allowing a perfectly functional piece of hardware to continue serving its purpose as a media player.

However, the pursuit of a YouTube IPA for iOS 12 is fraught with technical and security challenges. From a technical standpoint, finding a functional IPA is difficult. While repositories of old IPA files exist, they are often unverified. More importantly, the YouTube backend changes frequently. Even if a user successfully installs an IPA from 2018, the app may crash upon launch because the server-side APIs—the communication protocols between the app and YouTube’s servers—have been updated or deprecated. What worked three years ago may be completely non-functional today, leading to a cycle of frustration for the user.

From a security perspective, the practice is risky. Sideloading apps requires trusting certificates that are not authorized by Apple, and downloading IPA files from unverified third-party websites opens users up to malware, adware, and privacy breaches. Apple’s "walled garden" approach is designed specifically to mitigate these risks, but for legacy device owners, the garden has effectively locked them out of essential services. The user is forced to choose between the security of a restricted device and the utility of a potentially compromised app.

Despite these risks, the persistence of this trend underscores a broader ethical debate regarding the right to repair and software longevity. Devices running iOS 12 are often still mechanically sound; their processors can handle video playback, and their screens are intact. The limitation is entirely artificial—a software barrier imposed by the discontinuation of support. The search for the YouTube IPA is, in essence, a form of digital protest. It represents a refusal to discard functional hardware simply because a software update cycle dictates that a device is "vintage."

In conclusion, the phenomenon of seeking a YouTube IPA for iOS 12 is more than just a workaround for watching videos; it is a symptom of the friction between consumer expectations and corporate software lifecycles. While sideloading offers a fleeting lifeline to extend the utility of legacy devices, it is a precarious solution plagued by compatibility issues and security risks. Until there is a more standardized method for preserving software access on older hardware, users of legacy iOS devices will remain caught in a difficult position: holding onto devices that still work, running software that no longer does.

Here’s a complete blog post tailored to the keyword “YouTube IPA for iOS 12” — written for users still on older devices like the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, or iPad mini 2/3.

Legal: Downloading decrypted IPAs exists in a legal gray area. If you own an iOS device and previously had YouTube installed, courts have generally considered sideloading a legacy backup as fair use. However, distributing copyrighted IPAs is illegal. This article is for educational purposes only.

Security: Sideloaded apps run in a sandbox, but a malicious IPA could still try to access your photo library or contacts. Always use IPAs from the verified sources listed above. Do not enter your real Google password into a modified YouTube app unless you trust the developer (uYou and Cercube are open-source audited).

Functionality: By mid-2026, Google may fully deprecate the iOS 12 API. If the YouTube homepage stops loading or “Watch Later” breaks, there is no fix. You are fighting against time.